sciresНаучные исследования экономического факультета. Электронный журналScientific Research of Faculty of Economics. Electronic Journal2078-3809Moscow State University10.38050/2078-3809-2021-13-2-60-79scires-189Research ArticleНАУЧНЫЕ ТРУДЫ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХYoung Researchers’ StudiesКурить или дышать? Оценка влияния табачной индустрии на экологическую ситуациюSmoke or Breathe? Assessment of the Impact of the Tobacco Industry on the EnvironmentКудрявцеваО. В.KudryavtsevaO. V.

Кудрявцева Ольга Владимировна, Доктор экономических наук, Профессор, Экономический факультет, г. Москва

Olga V. Kudryavtseva, Doctor in Economics, Professor, Faculty of Economics, Moscow

olgakud@mail.ruГазизоваЭ. Р.GazizovaE. R.

Газизова Эльза Ринатовна, Студент бакалавриата, 4 курс, Экономический факультет, г. Москва

Elza R. Gazizova, 4th year Bachelor Student, Faculty of Economics, Moscow

ДубковаЕ. М.DubkovaE. M.

Дубкова Екатерина Михайловна, Студент бакалавриата, 4 курс, Экономический факультет, г. Москва

Ekaterina M. Dubkova, 4th year Bachelor Student, Faculty of Economics, Moscow

ЛоктеваК. Н.LoktevaK. N.

Локтева Кристина Николаевна, Студент бакалавриата, 4 курс, Экономический факультет, г. Москва

Kristina N. Lokteva, 4th year Bachelor Student, Faculty of Economics, Moscow

МГУ имени М. В. ЛомоносоваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation2021200720211326079Copyright © Кудрявцева О.В., Газизова Э.Р., Дубкова Е.М., Локтева К.Н., 20212021Кудрявцева О.В., Газизова Э.Р., Дубкова Е.М., Локтева К.Н.Kudryavtseva O.V., Gazizova E.R., Dubkova E.M., Lokteva K.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://scires.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/189

Табачная промышленность имеет долгую историю. Вопросы употребления табачной продукции долгое время вызывали споры между ведущими медиками, учеными и экономистами. Огромное количество проведенных исследований выявило несомненный вред здоровью человека от употребления табака. Несмотря на принятие во многих странах законов, запрещающих или ограничивающих курение, табачная промышленность до сих пор остается одной из ведущих отраслей экономики. Если вред, наносимый табачной продукцией организму человека, тщательно изучен, а состав сигаретного дыма выявлен с точностью до 7 000 различных химических элементов, то вред, наносимый окружающей среде, до сих пор не определен. В рамках данного исследования мы оценим влияние существования табачной индустрии на окружающую среду. Для этого будут рассмотрены все стадии существования табачной продукции: от выращивания листьев табака до утилизации окурков. Каждая из стадий содержит в себе явные и скрытые угрозы для окружающей среды. Исследование проводится на примере опыта Китая как одного из крупнейших производителей и потребителей табака. Китай является страной, испытывающей серьезнейшие экологические проблемы, но планирующей к 2060 году выйти на уровень углеродной нейтральности. Результатом нашего анализа будет являться количественная оценка вреда (в частности, выбросов CO2), наносимого табачной индустрией окружающей среде Китая, а также рекомендации по снижению рассчитанного эффекта.

The tobacco industry has a long history. The use of tobacco products caused controversy among leading doctors, scientists and economists for a long time. A huge number of studies have revealed the undoubted harm of tobacco use on human health. Despite the adoption of laws in many countries that prohibit or restrict smoking, the tobacco industry is still one of the leading branches of the economy. Whereas the harm caused by tobacco products to the human body has been thoroughly studied, and the composition of cigarette smoke has been identified with an accuracy of 7,000 different chemical elements, the damage caused to nature has not yet been discovered. In this study, we will assess the impact of the tobacco industry on the environment. In order to do this, we will consider all stages of the existence of tobacco products: from the cultivation of tobacco leaves to direct consumption and subsequent disposal of cigarette butts. Each of the stages contains clear and threats to the environment. The study is based on the experience of China as one of the largest tobacco producers and consumers. China is a country experiencing serious environmental problems, but plans to reach the level of carbon neutrality by 2060. The result of our analysis will be a quantitative assessment of the harm (in particular, CO2 emissions) caused by the tobacco industry to the environment in China, as well as recommendations for reducing the calculated effect.

курениетабачная продукциятабаксигаретыуглекислый газCO2КитайКитайская Народная Республикапроизводство сигаретокуркизагрязнениеокружающая средаsmokingtobacco productstobaccocigarettescarbon dioxideCO2ChinaPeople's Republic of Chinacigarette productioncigarette buttspollutionecologyReferencesАгентство ТАСС. ВОЗ назвала число курильщиков на планете. 2018. URL: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/5249215 (дата обращения: 21.12.2020).Agentstvo TASS. VOZ nazvala chislo kuril'shchikov na planete. [Adency TASS. WHO has named the number of smokers on the planet] 2018. Available at: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/5249215 (accessed 21.12.2020).Чернышова Е., Лушникова М. Вещество в бездействии. Обеспечение аграриев отечественными д. в. остаётся под вопросом // Агротехника и агротехнологии. 2020. URL: https://agro.tatarstan.ru/rus/file/pub/pub_2272755.pdfChernyshova E., Lushnikova M. Veshchestvo v bezdeystvii. Obespechenie agrariev otechestvennymi d. v. ostaetsya pod voprosom. Agrotekhnika i agrotekhnologii. [The substance is inactive. The provision of farmers with domestic active substances remains questionable] Agrotechnika and agrotechnologii. [Agricultural machinery and agrotechnologies], 2020.Китай досрочно достиг целевого уровня снижения выбросов CO2. URL: http://russian.news.cn/2020-09/26/c_139397440.htm (дата обращения: 12.11.2020).Kitay dosrochno dostig tselevogo urovnya snizheniya vybrosov CO2. [China has reached the target level of reducing CO2 emissions ahead of schedule]. Available at: http://russian.news.cn/2020-09/26/c_139397440.htm (accessed 12.11.2020)Рамочная конвенция ВОЗ по борьбе против табака. URL: https://www.who.int/fctc/signatories_parties/ru/ (дата обращения: 08.11.2020).Ramochnaya konventsiya VOZ po bor'be protiv tabaka [WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]. URL: https://www.who.int/fctc/signatories_parties/ru/Роль зеленых насаждений в очистке воздуха от пыли и газа. URL: https://studbooks.net/999214/ekologiya/rol_zelenyh_nasazhdeniy_ochistke_vozduha_pyli_gaza (дата обращения: 10.11.2020).Rol' zelenykh nasazhdeniy v ochistke vozdukha ot pyli i gaza [The role of green spaces in cleaning the air from dust and gas]. Available at: https://studbooks.net/999214/ekologiya/rol_zelenyh_nasazhdeniy_ochistke_vozduha_pyli_gaza (accessed 10.11.2020)Химический состав табачного дыма. Сборник статей о вреде курения и алкоголя. URL: http://www.russlav.ru/tabak/sostav-tabachnogo-dima.html (дата обращения: 18.11.2020).Khimicheskiy sostav tabachnogo dyma. Sbornik statey o vrede kureniya i alkogolya. [The chemical composition of tobacco smoke. Collection of articles about the dangers of smoking and alcohol consumption]. Available at: http://www.russlav.ru/tabak/sostav-tabachnogo-dima.html (accessed 18.11.2020)American Lung Association. What’s a cigarette? URL: https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/smoking-facts/whats-in-a-cigarette (дата обращения: 15.11.2020).American Lung Association. What’s a cigarette? Available at: https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/smoking-facts/whats-in-a-cigarette (accessed 15.11.2020)Anglia Ruskin University. Cigarette butts hamper plant growth. 2019. URL: https://phys.org/news/2019-07-cigarette-butts-hamper-growthstudy.htmlAnglia Ruskin University. Cigarette butts hamper plant growth. 2019. Available at: https://phys.org/news/2019-07-cigarette-butts-hamper-growthstudy.htmlBBC News. Пластиковый мусор: как окурки убивают природу и вредят растениям. 2019.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health of Cigarette Smoking. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htmBBC News. Plastikovyy musor: kak okurki ubivayut prirodu i vredyat rasteniyam. [Plastic garbage: how cigarette butts kill nature and harm plants] 2019.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health of Cigarette Smoking. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htmChina Tobacco International (HK) Company Limited. Annual report. 2019. URL: media-tobacco.todayir.com/2019091116560270863606764_en.pdfChina Tobacco International (HK) Company Limited. Annual report. 2019. media-tobacco.todayir.com/2019091116560270863606764_en.pdfDannielle S. Green, Bas Boots, Jaime Da Silva. Cigarette butts have adverse effects on initial growth of perennial ryegrass (gramineae: Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (leguminosae: Trifolium repens L.) 2019.Dannielle S. Green, Bas Boots, Jaime Da Silva. Cigarette butts have adverse effects on initial growth of perennial ryegrass (gramineae: Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (leguminosae: Trifolium repens L.) 2019.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Oct 30;182:109418. Epub 2019 Jul 18 doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109418Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Oct 30;182:109418. Epub 2019 Jul 18 doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109418Earth Day. The Great Global Cleanup. Tiny But Deadly: Cigarette Butts Are The Most Commonly Polluted Plastic. 2020. URL: https://www.earthday.org/tiny-but-deadly-cigarette-butts-are-the-most-commonly-polluted-plastic/Earth Day. The Great Global Cleanup. Tiny But Deadly: Cigarette Butts Are The Most Com-monly Polluted Plastic. 2020. Available at: https://www.earthday.org/tiny-but-deadly-cigarette-butts-are-the-most-commonly-polluted-plastic/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Crops and livestock products. URL: http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru/-data/TP/visualize (дата обращения: 01.12.2020).Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Crops and livestock products. Available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru/-data/TP/visualize (accessed 01.12.2020)Hayo M.G. van der Werf. Assessing the impact of pesticides on the environment.1996. p. 86. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , Volume 60, pp. 81-96; doi:10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01096-1Hayo M.G. van der Werf. Assessing the impact of pesticides on the environment.1996. p. 86. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , Volume 60, pp 81-96; doi:10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01096-1Helmut J Geist. Global assessment of deforestation related to tobacco farming. Tobacco Control 1999; 8: pp. 18–28Helmut J Geist. Global assessment of deforestation related to tobacco farming. Tobacco Control 1999; 8: pp. 18–28Natacha Lecours, Guilherme E. G. Almeida, Jumanne M Abdallah, Thomas E. Novotny. Environmental health impacts of tobacco farming: a review of the literature. Tobacco Control 2012;21:191e196. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050318Natacha Lecours, Guilherme E. G. Almeida, Jumanne M Abdallah, Thomas E. Novotny. Environmental health impacts of tobacco farming: a review of the literature. Tobacco Control 2012;21:191e196. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050318National Standard of the People’s Republic of China. National food safety standard. Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food. GB 2763–2016. p. 15.National Standard of the People’s Republic of China. National food safety standard. Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food. GB 2763–2016. p. 15.Novotny TE, Zhao F. Consumption and production waste: another externality of tobacco use. 1999. Tobacco Control 8(1):75-80. DOI: 10.1136/tc.8.1.75Novotny TE, Zhao F. Consumption and production waste: another externality of tobacco use. 1999. Tobacco Control 8(1):75-80. DOI: 10.1136/tc.8.1.75Qamar et al. Cigarette waste: Assessment of hazard to the environment and health in Riyadh city. 2020. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020 May; 27(5):1380-1383. Epub 2019 Dec 16. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.002Qamar et al. Cigarette waste: Assessment of hazard to the environment and health in Riyadh city. 2020. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020 May; 27(5):1380-1383. Epub 2019 Dec 16. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.002Chapman S. ‘‘Keep a low profile’’: pesticide residue, additives, and freon use in Australian tobacco manufacturing. p. 1. 2003 Dec;12 Suppl 3(Suppl 3): iii45-53. doi: 10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii45Chapman S. ‘‘Keep a low profile’’: pesticide residue, additives, and freon use in Australian tobacco manufacturing. p. 1. 2003 Dec;12 Suppl 3(Suppl 3): iii45-53. doi: 10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii45Sarah Lazarus, CNN. Cigarette filters are the No.1 plastic pollutant ... and don't prevent cancer. 2019. URL: https://fox2now.com/news/cigarette-filters-are-the-no-1-plastic-pollutant-and-dont-prevent-cancerSarah Lazarus, CNN. Cigarette filters are the No.1 plastic pollutant ... and don't prevent cancer. 2019. Available at: https://fox2now.com/news/cigarette-filters-are-the-no-1-plastic-pollutant-and-dont-prevent-cancerShanjun Li, Yanyan Liu, Avralt-Od Purevjav Lin Yang. Does subway expansion improve air quality? 2019. journal of environmental economics and management DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.05.005Shanjun Li, Yanyan Liu, Avralt-Od Purevjav Lin Yang. Does subway expansion improve air quality? 2019. journal of environmental economics and management DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.05.005The New York Times. When the U.S. and China Fight, It Is the Environment That Suffers. 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/12/opinion/china-us-environment.htmlThe New York Times. When the U.S. and China Fight, It Is the Environment That Suffers. 2020. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/12/opinion/china-us-environment.htmlThe New York Times. China's pledge to be carbon neutral by 2060: What it means. 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/world/asia/china-climate-change.htmlThe New York Times. China's pledge to be carbon neutral by 2060: What it means. 2020. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/world/asia/china-climate-change.htmlThe Tobacco Atlas. China: growing, manufacturing, consumption. URL: https://tobaccoatlas.org/country/china/ (дата обращения: 10.11.2020).The Tobacco Atlas. China: growing, manufacturing, consumption. Available at: https://tobaccoatlas.org/country/china/ (accessed 10.11.2020)Universal Leaf Tobacco. Estimated Leaf Production by Crop Year. 2020. URL: http://www.universalcorp.com/UniversalLeafUniversal Leaf Tobacco. Estimated Leaf Production by Crop Year. 2020. Available at: http://www.universalcorp.com/UniversalLeafWorld Health Organization. Tobacco and its environmental impact: an overview. 2017. URL: https://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/environmental-impact-overview/en/World Health Organization. Tobacco and its environmental impact: an overview. 2017. Available at: https://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/environmental-impact-overview/en/Hendlin, Y.H., Bialous, S.A. The environmental externalities of tobacco manufacturing: A review of tobacco industry reporting. Ambio 49, 17–34 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01148-3Hendlin, Y.H., Bialous, S.A. The environmental externalities of tobacco manufacturing: A review of tobacco industry reporting. Ambio 49, 17–34 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01148-3

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.