sciresНаучные исследования экономического факультета. Электронный журналScientific Research of Faculty of Economics. Electronic Journal2078-3809Moscow State University10.38050/2078-3809-2021-13-4-7-20scires-202Research ArticleКОНКУРЕНТНАЯ И ПРОМЫШЛЕННАЯ ПОЛИТИКАCOMPETITION AND INDUSTRIAL POLICYРегулирование цифровых экосистем в рамках конкурентной политики: экономико-правовой подходRegulation of Digital Ecosystems within the Framework of Compe-tition Policy: Legal and Economic ApproachКурдинА. А.KurdinA. A.

Курдин Александр Александрович, Кандидат экономических наук, старший научный сотрудник

г. Москва

Alexander A. Kurdin, PhD in Economics, Senior Research Fellow

Moscow

aakurdin@gmail.comМГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, Экономический факультетРоссияLomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of EconomicsRussian Federation202117012022134720Copyright © Курдин А.А., 20222022Курдин А.А.Kurdin A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://scires.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/202

Одним из наиболее сложных вызовов для современной конкурентной политики является цифровая трансформация отраслей и рынков, тесно связанная с формированием экосистем и внедрением искусственного интеллекта. Автор статьи обобщает основные проблемы при квалификации положения и поведения компаний-лидеров экосистем, характеризующихся интенсивным использованием искусственного интеллекта, в том числе повышенную рыночную концентрацию, риски ценовой дискриминации и алгоритмического сговора. Одним из специфических вызовов в этой сфере является зависимость эффективности искусственного интеллекта от машинного обучения на больших данных. Эта особенность обосновывает рост концентрации, усиливает положение лидеров и потенциально ослабляет конкурентную среду. Антимонопольным органам рекомендовано усиливать собственные цифровые компетенции и аналитические возможности, чтобы не оставить рынок без контроля, но и не элиминировать выгоды от искусственного интеллекта.

Digital transformation of markets and industries is one of the most difficult challenges for the modern competition policy. The transformation is closely connected to the formation of ecosystems and the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI). The authors of the article summarize main issues raised in the process of market behavior qualification and market structure assessment for AI inten-sive companies leading digital ecosystems. These issues include enhanced market concentration, risks of price discrimination and algorithmic collusion. One of the specific challenges in that sphere is the dependence of AI efficiency on big-data-based machine learning. This feature causes the in-crease in market concentration, strengthens the positions of market leaders, and potentially weakens the competitive environment. Antitrust bodies should improve their own digital competences and an-alytical capacities to prevent the loss of control over the market, as well as the elimination of AI benefits.

цифровая экономикаискусственный интеллектконкурентная политикаантимонопольная политикамашинное обучениебольшие данныерыночная концентрацияDigital economyartificial intelligencecompetition policyantitrust policymachine learningbig datamarket concentrationСтатья написана с использованием материалов научно-исследовательской работы, выполненной в рамках государственного задания РАНХиГСThe article is written with the usage of the results of research conducted by RANEPAReferencesПавлова Н.С., Курдин А.А., Поляков Д.А. App Store: границы рынка и рыночная власть Apple // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 6: Экономика. 2021. № 1. С. 103-127.Pavlova N., Kurdin A., Shastitko A.E. App Store: granicy rynka i rynochnaja vlast' Apple [App Store: market boundaries and Apple’s market power], Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Serija 6: Jekonomika [Moscow University Economics Bulletin], 2021, no. 1, pp. 103-127. (In Rus-sian). https://doi.org/10.38050/01300105202115Цариковский А. Ю., Иванов А. Ю., Войниканис Е. А. (ред.). Антимонопольное регули-рование в цифровую эпоху. М.: Изд. дом ВШЭ, 2018.Carikovskij A. Ju., Ivanov A. Ju., Vojnikanis E. A. (eds.). Antimonopol'noe regulirovanie v cifrovuju jepohu [Antitrust regulation in the digital age], Moscow, HSE Publishing House, 2018. (In Russian).Шаститко А. Е. Новая институциональная экономическая теория. М.: ТЕИС, 2010. 4 изд.Shastitko A.E. Novaja institucional'naja jekonomicheskaja teorija [New institutional eco-nomic theory], Moscow, TEIS, 2010. 4th ed. (In Russian).Шаститко А.Е., Маркова О.А. Агрегаторы вокруг нас: новая реальность и подходы к ис-следованию // Общественные науки и современность. 2017. № 4. С. 5-15.Shastitko A.E., Markova O. Agregatory vokrug nas: novaja real'nost' i podhody k issledo-vaniju [Aggregators around us: the new reality and approaches to research], Obshhestvennye nauki i sovremennost' [Social sciences and contemporary world], 2017, no. 4, pp. 5-15. (In Russian).Agrawal A., Gans J., Goldfarb A. Introduction // The economics of artificial intelligence: an agenda / Ed. by Agrawal A., Gans J., Goldfarb A. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2019. P. 13-32.Agrawal A., Gans J., Goldfarb A. Introduction. In Agrawal A., Gans J., Goldfarb A. (eds.). The economics of artificial intelligence: an agenda. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2019. P. 13-32.Cath C. Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and chal-lenges // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 2018. A 376: 20180080.Cath C. Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and chal-lenges, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 2018, A 376: 20180080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0080Crémer J., de Montjoye Y., Schweitzer H. Competition policy for the digital era. Report for the European Commission. Apr. 2019.Crémer J., de Montjoye Y., Schweitzer H. Competition policy for the digital era. Report for the European Commission. Apr. 2019.Digital Competition Expert Panel. Unlocking digital competition. London, 2019.Digital Competition Expert Panel. Unlocking digital competition. London, 2019.Etro F. Competition, innovation, and antitrust: a theory of market leaders and its policy im-plications. Springer, 2007.Etro F. Competition, innovation, and antitrust: a theory of market leaders and its policy im-plications. Springer, 2007.Ezrachi A., Stucke M. Virtual competition. Harvard University Press, 2016.Ezrachi A., Stucke M. Virtual competition. Harvard University Press, 2016.Goldfarb A., Trefler D. Artificial intelligence and international trade // The economics of ar-tificial intelligence: an agenda / Ed. by Agrawal A., Gans J., Goldfarb A. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2019. P. 476-505.Goldfarb A., Trefler D. Artificial intelligence and international. In Agrawal A., Gans J., Gold-farb A. (eds.). The economics of artificial intelligence: an agenda. Chicago and London: The Univer-sity of Chicago Press, 2019. P. 476-505.Jenny F. Competition law enforcement and regulation for digital ecosystems: Understanding the issues, facing the challenges and moving forward // Concurrences. 2021. No. 3. Art. N° 101662. P. 38-62.Jenny F. Competition law enforcement and regulation for digital ecosystems: Understanding the issues, facing the challenges and moving forward, Concurrences, 2021, No. 3, art. N° 101662, pp. 38-62.Katz M. L., Shapiro C. Network externalities, competition, and compatibility // American Economic Review. 1985. Vol. 75, No. 3. P. 424-440.Katz M. L., Shapiro C. Network externalities, competition, and compatibility, American Eco-nomic Review, 1985, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 424-440.Kingston J. K. Artificial intelligence and legal liability // International Conference on Innova-tive Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Springer, 2016. P. 269-279.Kingston J. K. Artificial intelligence and legal liability. In International Conference on Inno-vative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Springer, 2016. P. 269-279.Lundqvist B., Gal M. (eds.). Competition Law for the Digital Economy. Edward Elgar Pub-lishing, 2019.Lundqvist B., Gal M. (eds.). Competition Law for the Digital Economy. Edward Elgar Pub-lishing, 2019.Nadler J., Cicilline D. (eds.). Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets. U. S. House of Representatives, 2020.Nadler J., Cicilline D. (eds.). Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets. U. S. House of Representatives, 2020.Pavlova N.S., Shastitko A.E., Kurdin A.A. The calling card of Russian digital antitrust // Rus-sian Journal of Economics. 2020. Vol. 6, No. 3. P. 258-276.Pavlova N.S., Shastitko A.E., Kurdin A.A. The calling card of Russian digital antitrust, Rus-sian Journal of Economics, 2020, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 258-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.6.53904Rochet J.-C., Tirole, J. Platform competition in two-sided markets // Journal of the European Economic Association. 2003. Vol. 1, No. 4. P. 990–1029.Rochet J.-C., Tirole, J. Platform competition in two-sided markets, Journal of the European Economic Association, 2003, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 990–1029. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493212Teece D. J. Next-generation competition: New concepts for understanding how innovation shapes competition and policy in the digital economy // The Journal of Law, Economics and Policy. 2012. No. 9. P. 97.Teece D. J. Next-generation competition: New concepts for understanding how innovation shapes competition and policy in the digital economy, The Journal of Law, Economics and Policy, 2012, no. 9, p. 97.Varian H. Artificial intelligence, economics and industrial organization // The economics of artificial intelligence: an agenda / Ed. by Agrawal A., Gans J., Goldfarb A. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2019. P. 411-432.Varian H. Artificial intelligence, economics and industrial organization. In Agrawal A., Gans J., Goldfarb A. (eds.). The economics of artificial intelligence: an agenda. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2019. P. 411-432.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.