sciresНаучные исследования экономического факультета. Электронный журналScientific Research of Faculty of Economics. Electronic Journal2078-3809Moscow State University10.38050/2078-3809-2025-17-3-123-148scires-403Research ArticleЭКОНОМИКА ИННОВАЦИЙ И РАЗВИТИЕECONOMY OF INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENTРешение проблем управления: власть и политика в спорах об управлении генеративным ИИGovernance fix? Power and politics in controversies about governing generative AIУлникейнИ.UlnicaneI.

Инга Улникейн

Эджбастон, г. Бирмингем

Inga Ulnicane

Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT

i.ulnicane@bham.ac.ukБелецкаяМ. Ю.BeletskayaM. Yu.

Перевод с англ. Белецкая Мария Юрьевна, кандидат экономических наук, старший научный сотрудник, экономический факультет

г. Москва

Trans. from Eng. Maria Yu. Beletskaya, Candidate of Economic Science, Senior Researcher, Faculty of Economics

Moscow

mybeletskaya@gmail.comБирмингемский университетВеликобританияUniversity of BirminghamUnited KingdomМГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова; Институт Соединенных Штатов Америки и Канады имени академика Г.А. Арбатова РАНРоссияLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation202516112025173123148Copyright © Улникейн И., Белецкая М.Ю., 20252025Улникейн И., Белецкая М.Ю.Ulnicane I., Beletskaya M.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://scires.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/403

Запуск ChatGPT в конце 2022 г. привел к серьезным спорам об управлении генеративным искусственным интеллектом (ИИ). В этой статье рассматриваются первые международные инициативы в области управления и политики, специально посвященные генеративному ИИ: Хиросимский процесс «Большой семерки» (G7), отчеты Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития и саммит по безопасности ИИ в Великобритании. Этот анализ основан на литературе по разработке политики в области управления, в частности на работах по управлению технологиями и ответственным инновациям. Формирующееся управление генеративным ИИ демонстрирует полицентрические характеристики, где множественные и пересекающиеся центры принятия решений находятся в отношениях сотрудничества. Однако в нем доминирует ограниченное число развитых стран. Управление генеративным ИИ в основном сформулировано с точки зрения управления рисками, во многом игнорируя вопросы цели и направления инноваций и отводя довольно ограниченные роли общественности. Мы можем наблюдать возникновение «парадокса управления генеративным ИИ», а именно, как несмотря на то, что эта технология широко используется общественностью, ее управление довольно ограниченное. В этой статье вводится термин «управленческое решения», чтобы отразить этот довольно узкий и технократический подход к управлению генеративным ИИ. В качестве альтернативы предлагается принять политику полицентричного управления и ответственных инноваций, которые подчеркивают демократическое и совместное формирование технологий для общественного блага. В контексте крайне неравномерного распределения влияния в генеративном ИИ, характеризующегося высокой концентрацией власти в руках небольшого числа крупных технологических компаний, правительство играет особую роль в изменении дисбаланса сил путем обеспечения широкого участия общественности в управлении генеративным ИИ.

The launch of ChatGPT in late 2022 led to major controversies about the governance of generative artificial intelligence (AI). This article examines the first international governance and policy initiatives dedicated specifically to generative AI: the G7 Hiroshima process, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development reports, and the UK AI Safety Summit. This analysis is informed by policy framing and governance literature, in particular by the work on technology governance and Responsible Innovation. Emerging governance of generative AI exhibits characteristics of polycentric governance, where multiple and overlapping centers of decision-making are in collaborative relationships. However, it is dominated by a limited number of developed countries. The governance of generative AI is mostly framed in terms of the risk management, largely neglecting issues of purpose and direction of innovation, and assigning rather limited roles to the public. We can see a "paradox of generative AI governance” emerging, namely, that while this technology is being widely used by the public, its governance is rather narrow. This article coins the term "governance fix” to capture this rather narrow and technocratic approach to governing generative AI. As an alternative, it suggests embracing the politics of polycentric governance and Responsible Innovation that highlight democratic and participatory coshaping of technology for social benefit. In the context of the highly unequal distribution of power in generative AI characterized by a high concentration of power in a small number of large tech companies, the government has a special role in reshaping the power imbalances by enabling wide-ranging public participation in the governance of generative AI.

генеративный ИИуправлениеискусственный интеллектответственные инновациирискgenerative AIgovernanceartificial intelligenceresponsible innovationriskReferencesAguerre C., Campbell-Verduyn M., Scholte J.A. Global digital data governance: Polycentric perspectives. Routledge, 2024. 264 p.Aguerre C., Campbell-Verduyn M., Scholte J.A. Global digital data governance: Polycentric perspectives. Routledge, 2024. 264 p.AI Fringe. AI for everyone. // Perspectives from the AI Fringe. 30 October – 3 November 2023: URL: https://aifringe.org/AI Fringe. AI for everyone. // Perspectives from the AI Fringe. 30 October – 3 November 2023: URL: https://aifringe.org/AI Safety Summit. The Bletchley Declaration by countries attending the AI safety summit Bletchley Park, UK. 1–2 November 2023: URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023AI Safety Summit. The Bletchley Declaration by countries attending the AI safety summit Bletchley Park, UK. 1–2 November 2023: URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023Ansell C., Torfing J. (eds.) Handbook on theories of governance. Edward Elgar, 2022. 656 p.Ansell C., Torfing J. (eds.) Handbook on theories of governance. Edward Elgar, 2022. 656 p.Bacchi C. Policy as Discourse: What does it mean? Where does it get us? // Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. 2000. Vol. 21. No. 1. P. 45–57. DOI: 10.1080/01596300050005493.Bacchi C. Policy as Discourse: What does it mean? Where does it get us? // Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. 2000. Vol. 21. No. 1. P. 45–57. DOI: 10.1080/01596300050005493.Bender E.M., Gebru T., McMillan-Major A., Shmitchell S. On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? // Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency. 2021. P. 610–623.Bender E.M., Gebru T., McMillan-Major A., Shmitchell S. On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? // Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency. 2021. P. 610–623.Bertuzzi L. EU's AI Act negotiations hit the brakes over foundation models. 10 November 2023: URL: https://www.euractiv.com/section/tech/news/eus-ai-act-negotiations-hit-the-brakes-over-foundation-models/Bertuzzi L. EU's AI Act negotiations hit the brakes over foundation models. 10 November 2023: URL: https://www.euractiv.com/section/tech/news/eus-ai-act-negotiations-hit-the-brakes-over-foundation-models/Browne J. AI and structural injustice: A feminist perspective // Feminist AI: Critical perspectives on algorithms, data, and intelligent machines / J. Browne, S. Cave, E. Drage, K. McInerney (eds.). Oxford University Press, 2023. P. 328–346.Browne J. AI and structural injustice: A feminist perspective // Feminist AI: Critical perspectives on algorithms, data, and intelligent machines / J. Browne, S. Cave, E. Drage, K. McInerney (eds.). Oxford University Press, 2023. P. 328–346.Carlisle K., Gruby R.L. Polycentric systems of governance: A theoretical model for the commons // Policy Studies Journal. 2019. Vol. 47. No. 4. P. 927–952. DOI: 10.1111/psj.12212.Carlisle K., Gruby R.L. Polycentric systems of governance: A theoretical model for the commons // Policy Studies Journal. 2019. Vol. 47. No. 4. P. 927–952. DOI: 10.1111/psj.12212.Center for AI Safety. Statement on AI risk. May 2023: URL: https://www.safe.ai/statement-on-ai-riskCenter for AI Safety. Statement on AI risk. May 2023: URL: https://www.safe.ai/statement-on-ai-riskChhotray V., Stoker G. Governance theory and practice. A cross-disciplinary approach. Palgrave, 2009. DOI: 10.1057/9780230583344.Chhotray V., Stoker G. Governance theory and practice. A cross-disciplinary approach. Palgrave, 2009. DOI: 10.1057/9780230583344.Cihon P., Maas M., Kemp L. Fragmentation and the future: Investigating architectures for international AI governance // Global Policy. 2020. Vol. 11. No. 5. P. 545–556. DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.12890.Cihon P., Maas M., Kemp L. Fragmentation and the future: Investigating architectures for international AI governance // Global Policy. 2020. Vol. 11. No. 5. P. 545–556. DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.12890.Clarke L. How Silicon Valley doomers are shaping Rishi Sunak's AI plans // Politico. 2023. 14 September.Clarke L. How Silicon Valley doomers are shaping Rishi Sunak's AI plans // Politico. 2023. 14 September.Connected by Data et al. AI safety summit: Open letter to the UK Prime Minister. 2023.Connected by Data et al. AI safety summit: Open letter to the UK Prime Minister. 2023.Crawford K. Generative AI's environmental costs are soaring – and mostly secret // Nature. 2024. Vol. 626. No. 8000. P. 693. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00478-x.Crawford K. Generative AI's environmental costs are soaring – and mostly secret // Nature. 2024. Vol. 626. No. 8000. P. 693. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00478-x.Crawford K. The atlas of AI. Yale University Press, 2021.Crawford K. The atlas of AI. Yale University Press, 2021.De Saille S. Innovating innovation policy: The emergence of ‘Responsible Research and Innovation’ // Journal of Responsible Innovation. 2015. Vol. 2. No. 2. P. 152–168. DOI: 10.1080/23299460.2015.1045280.De Saille S. Innovating innovation policy: The emergence of ‘Responsible Research and Innovation’ // Journal of Responsible Innovation. 2015. Vol. 2. No. 2. P. 152–168. DOI: 10.1080/23299460.2015.1045280.DSIT (Department for Science, Innovation and Technology). Capabilities and risks from frontier AI. A discussion paper on the need for further research into AI risk. AI Safety Summit, hosted by the UK. 2023. 1–2 November.DSIT (Department for Science, Innovation and Technology). Capabilities and risks from frontier AI. A discussion paper on the need for further research into AI risk. AI Safety Summit, hosted by the UK. 2023. 1–2 November.European Commission. Commission welcomes G7 leaders' agreement on Guiding Principles and a Code of Conduct on Artificial Intelligence. 2023. 30 October: URL: https://ec.europa.eu/com-mission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_5379European Commission. Commission welcomes G7 leaders' agreement on Guiding Principles and a Code of Conduct on Artificial Intelligence. 2023. 30 October: URL: https://ec.europa.eu/com-mission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_5379Filgueiras F., Almeida V. Governance for the digital world. Neither more state nor more market. Palgrave, 2021.Filgueiras F., Almeida V. Governance for the digital world. Neither more state nor more market. Palgrave, 2021.Fisher E., Smolka M., Owen R., Pansera M., Guston D.H., Grunwald A., Nelson J.P., Raman S., Neudert P., Flipse S.M., Ribeiro B. Responsible innovation scholarship: Normative, empirical, theoretical, and engaged // Journal of Responsible Innovation. 2024. Vol. 11. No. 1. P. 2309060. DOI: 10.1080/23299460.2024.2309060.Fisher E., Smolka M., Owen R., Pansera M., Guston D.H., Grunwald A., Nelson J.P., Raman S., Neudert P., Flipse S.M., Ribeiro B. Responsible innovation scholarship: Normative, empirical, theoretical, and engaged // Journal of Responsible Innovation. 2024. Vol. 11. No. 1. P. 2309060. DOI: 10.1080/23299460.2024.2309060.Future of Life Institute. Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter. 2023. 22 March: URL: https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/Future of Life Institute. Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter. 2023. 22 March: URL: https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/G7. G7 Hiroshima Leaders' Communique // G7. 2023a. 20 May: URL: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2023hiroshima/230520-communique.htmlG7. G7 Hiroshima Leaders' Communique // G7. 2023a. 20 May: URL: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2023hiroshima/230520-communique.htmlG7. G7 Leaders' Statement on the Hiroshima Al Process // G7. 2023b. 30 October: URL: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2023hiroshima/231030-ai.htmlG7. G7 Leaders' Statement on the Hiroshima Al Process // G7. 2023b. 30 October: URL: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2023hiroshima/231030-ai.htmlG7. Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced Al Systems // G7. 2023c. 30 October: URL: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2023hiro-shima/231030-ai-code-of-conduct.htmlG7. Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced Al Systems // G7. 2023c. 30 October: URL: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2023hiro-shima/231030-ai-code-of-conduct.htmlG7. Hiroshima Process International Guiding Principles for Organizations Developing Advanced Al System // G7. 2023d. 30 October: URL: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2023hiro-shima/231030-ai-principles.htmlG7. Hiroshima Process International Guiding Principles for Organizations Developing Advanced Al System // G7. 2023d. 30 October: URL: http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/2023hiro-shima/231030-ai-principles.htmlGalanos V. Exploring expanding expertise: Artificial intelligence as an existential threat and the role of prestigious commentators, 2014–2018 // Technology Analysis and Strategic Management. 2019. Vol. 31. No. 4. P. 421–432. DOI: 10.1080/09537325.2018.1518521.Galanos V. Exploring expanding expertise: Artificial intelligence as an existential threat and the role of prestigious commentators, 2014–2018 // Technology Analysis and Strategic Management. 2019. Vol. 31. No. 4. P. 421–432. DOI: 10.1080/09537325.2018.1518521.Gebru T., Bender E., McMillan-Major A., Mitchell M. Statement from the listed authors of Stochastic Parrots on the "Al pause" letter. 2023. 31 March: URL: https://www.dair-insti-tute.org/blog/letter-statement-March2023Gebru T., Bender E., McMillan-Major A., Mitchell M. Statement from the listed authors of Stochastic Parrots on the "Al pause" letter. 2023. 31 March: URL: https://www.dair-insti-tute.org/blog/letter-statement-March2023Johnston S.F. Technological parables and iconic illustrations: American technocracy and the rhetoric of the technological fix // History and Technology. 2017. Vol. 33. No. 2. P. 196–219. DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2017.1336851.Johnston S.F. Technological parables and iconic illustrations: American technocracy and the rhetoric of the technological fix // History and Technology. 2017. Vol. 33. No. 2. P. 196–219. DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2017.1336851.Khanal S., Zhang H., Taeihagh A. Why and how is the power of Big Tech increasing in the policy process? The case of generative AI // Policy and Society. 2024. Vol. 44. No. 1. P. 52–69. DOI: 10.1093/polsoc/puae012.Khanal S., Zhang H., Taeihagh A. Why and how is the power of Big Tech increasing in the policy process? The case of generative AI // Policy and Society. 2024. Vol. 44. No. 1. P. 52–69. DOI: 10.1093/polsoc/puae012.Levi-Faur D. The Oxford handbook of governance. Oxford University Press, 2012.Levi-Faur D. The Oxford handbook of governance. Oxford University Press, 2012.McQuillan D. People's councils for ethical machine learning // Social Media+Society. 2018. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 2056305118768303. DOI: 10.1177/2056305118768303.McQuillan D. People's councils for ethical machine learning // Social Media+Society. 2018. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 2056305118768303. DOI: 10.1177/2056305118768303.Morozov E. The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin, 2011.Morozov E. The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin, 2011.Mouriquand D. Christopher Noland warns that AI is reaching its ‘Oppenheimer moment'. Euronews. 2023. 18 July.Mouriquand D. Christopher Noland warns that AI is reaching its ‘Oppenheimer moment'. Euronews. 2023. 18 July.Mtigge D. EU AI sovereignty: For whom, to what end, and to whose benefit? // Journal of European Public Policy. 2024. P. 1–26. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2024.2318475.Mtigge D. EU AI sovereignty: For whom, to what end, and to whose benefit? // Journal of European Public Policy. 2024. P. 1–26. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2024.2318475.Noble S.U. Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. N. Y.: University Press, 2018.Noble S.U. Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. N. Y.: University Press, 2018.OECD. AI Language Models: Technological, Socio-economic and Policy Considerations // OECD Digital Economy Papers. 2023a. April. No. 352.OECD. AI Language Models: Technological, Socio-economic and Policy Considerations // OECD Digital Economy Papers. 2023a. April. No. 352.OECD. G7 Hiroshima process on generative Artificial Intelligence (AI). Towards a G7 common understanding on Generative AI. Report prepared for the 2023 G7 presidency and the G7 digital and tech working group. OECD, 2023b. 7 September.OECD. G7 Hiroshima process on generative Artificial Intelligence (AI). Towards a G7 common understanding on Generative AI. Report prepared for the 2023 G7 presidency and the G7 digital and tech working group. OECD, 2023b. 7 September.OECD. Initial policy considerations for generative Artificial Intelligence // OECD Artificial Intelligence papers. 2023c. September. No. 1.OECD. Initial policy considerations for generative Artificial Intelligence // OECD Artificial Intelligence papers. 2023c. September. No. 1.OECD. Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD, 2019.OECD. Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD, 2019.Ostrom E. Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change // Global Environmental Change. 2010. Vol. 20. No. 4. P. 550–557. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloen-vcha.2010.07.004.Ostrom E. Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change // Global Environmental Change. 2010. Vol. 20. No. 4. P. 550–557. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloen-vcha.2010.07.004.Owen R., Macnaghten P., Stilgoe J. Responsible research and innovation: From science in society to science for society, with society // Science and Public Policy. 2012. Vol. 39. No. 6. P. 751– 760. DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scs093.Owen R., Macnaghten P., Stilgoe J. Responsible research and innovation: From science in society to science for society, with society // Science and Public Policy. 2012. Vol. 39. No. 6. P. 751– 760. DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scs093.Peters B.G. Governance as political theory // The Oxford handbook of governance / D. LeviFaur (ed.). Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 19–32.Peters B.G. Governance as political theory // The Oxford handbook of governance / D. LeviFaur (ed.). Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 19–32.Pierre J., Peters B.G. Advanced introduction to governance. Edward Elgar, 2021.Pierre J., Peters B.G. Advanced introduction to governance. Edward Elgar, 2021.Pringle E. One of A.I.'s 3 ‘godfathers' says he has regrets over his life's work. ‘You could say I feel lost'. Fortune. 2023. 23 May.Pringle E. One of A.I.'s 3 ‘godfathers' says he has regrets over his life's work. ‘You could say I feel lost'. Fortune. 2023. 23 May.Radu R. Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: National strategies in perspective // Policy and Society. 2021. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 178–193. DOI: 10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728.Radu R. Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: National strategies in perspective // Policy and Society. 2021. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 178–193. DOI: 10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728.Rein M., Schon D. Frame-critical policy analysis and frame-reflective policy practice // Knowledge and Policy. 1996. Vol. 9. No. 1. P. 85–104. DOI: 10.1007/BF02832235.Rein M., Schon D. Frame-critical policy analysis and frame-reflective policy practice // Knowledge and Policy. 1996. Vol. 9. No. 1. P. 85–104. DOI: 10.1007/BF02832235.Roberts H., Hine E., Taddeo M., Floridi L. Global AI governance: Barriers and pathways forward // International Affairs. 2024. Vol. 100. No. 3. P. 1275–1286. DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiae073.Roberts H., Hine E., Taddeo M., Floridi L. Global AI governance: Barriers and pathways forward // International Affairs. 2024. Vol. 100. No. 3. P. 1275–1286. DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiae073.Rosner L. (ed.) The technological fix: How people use technology to create and solve problems. Routledge, 2004.Rosner L. (ed.) The technological fix: How people use technology to create and solve problems. Routledge, 2004.Schiff D. Looking through a policy window with tinted glasses: Setting the agenda for U.S. AI policy // Review of Policy Research. 2023. Vol. 40. No. 5. P. 729–756. DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12535.Schiff D. Looking through a policy window with tinted glasses: Setting the agenda for U.S. AI policy // Review of Policy Research. 2023. Vol. 40. No. 5. P. 729–756. DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12535.Schmitt L. Mapping global AI governance: A nascent regime in a fragmented landscape // AI and Ethics. 2022. Vol. 2. No. 2. P. 303–314. DOI: 10.1007/s43681-021-00083-y.Schmitt L. Mapping global AI governance: A nascent regime in a fragmented landscape // AI and Ethics. 2022. Vol. 2. No. 2. P. 303–314. DOI: 10.1007/s43681-021-00083-y.Schon D., Rein M. Frame reflection: Toward the resolution of intractable policy controversies. Basic Books, 1994.Schon D., Rein M. Frame reflection: Toward the resolution of intractable policy controversies. Basic Books, 1994.Stilgoe J., Owen R., Macnaghten P. Developing a framework for responsible innovation // Research Policy. 2013. Vol. 42. No. 9. P. 1568–1580. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2013.05.008.Stilgoe J., Owen R., Macnaghten P. Developing a framework for responsible innovation // Research Policy. 2013. Vol. 42. No. 9. P. 1568–1580. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2013.05.008.Sunak R. Prime minister's speech on AI. The Royal Society. 2023. 26 October.Sunak R. Prime minister's speech on AI. The Royal Society. 2023. 26 October.Taeihagh A. Governance of artificial intelligence // Policy and Society. 2021. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 137–157. DOI: 10.1080/14494035.2021.1928377.Taeihagh A. Governance of artificial intelligence // Policy and Society. 2021. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 137–157. DOI: 10.1080/14494035.2021.1928377.Taylor J., Hern A. ‘Godfather of AI' Geoffrey Hinton quits Google and warns over dangers of misinformation. Guardian. 2023. 2 May.Taylor J., Hern A. ‘Godfather of AI' Geoffrey Hinton quits Google and warns over dangers of misinformation. Guardian. 2023. 2 May.The White House. Remarks by Vice President Kamala Harris on the Future of Artificial Intelligence. 2023. 1 November: URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-re-marks/2023/11/01/remarks-by-vice-president-harris-on-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence-london-united-kingdom/The White House. Remarks by Vice President Kamala Harris on the Future of Artificial Intelligence. 2023. 1 November: URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-re-marks/2023/11/01/remarks-by-vice-president-harris-on-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence-london-united-kingdom/UK Government. Introduction to the AI Safety Summit. 2023. 31 October: URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-introductionUK Government. Introduction to the AI Safety Summit. 2023. 31 October: URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-introductionUlnicane I. Emerging technology for economic competitiveness or societal challenges? Framing purpose in Artificial Intelligence policy // Global Public Policy and Governance. 2022. Vol. 2. No. 3. P. 326–345. DOI: 10.1007/s43508-022-00049-8.Ulnicane I. Emerging technology for economic competitiveness or societal challenges? Framing purpose in Artificial Intelligence policy // Global Public Policy and Governance. 2022. Vol. 2. No. 3. P. 326–345. DOI: 10.1007/s43508-022-00049-8.Ulnicane I., Erkkila T. Politics and policy of Artificial Intelligence // Review of Policy Research. 2023. Vol. 40. No. 5. P. 612–625. DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12574.Ulnicane I., Erkkila T. Politics and policy of Artificial Intelligence // Review of Policy Research. 2023. Vol. 40. No. 5. P. 612–625. DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12574.Ulnicane I., Knight W., Leach T., Stahl B.C., Wanjiku W.-G. Framing governance for a contested emerging technology: Insights from AI policy // Policy and Society. 2021. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 158–177. DOI: 10.1080/14494035.2020.1855800.Ulnicane I., Knight W., Leach T., Stahl B.C., Wanjiku W.-G. Framing governance for a contested emerging technology: Insights from AI policy // Policy and Society. 2021. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 158–177. DOI: 10.1080/14494035.2020.1855800.Van Hulst M., Yanow D. From policy «frames» to «framing» theorizing a more dynamic, political approach // The American Review of Public Administration. 2016. Vol. 46. No. 1. P. 92–112. DOI: 10.1177/0275074014533142.Van Hulst M., Yanow D. From policy «frames» to «framing» theorizing a more dynamic, political approach // The American Review of Public Administration. 2016. Vol. 46. No. 1. P. 92–112. DOI: 10.1177/0275074014533142.Veale M., Matus K., Gorwa R. AI and global governance: Modalities, rationales, tensions // Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 2023. Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 255–275. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-020223-040749.Veale M., Matus K., Gorwa R. AI and global governance: Modalities, rationales, tensions // Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 2023. Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 255–275. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-020223-040749.Vilakazi T., Roberts S. Cartels as ‘fraud'? Insights from collusion in southern and East Africa in the fertiliser and cement industries // Review of African Political Economy. 2019. Vol. 46. No. 161. P. 369–386. DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2018.1536974.Vilakazi T., Roberts S. Cartels as ‘fraud'? Insights from collusion in southern and East Africa in the fertiliser and cement industries // Review of African Political Economy. 2019. Vol. 46. No. 161. P. 369–386. DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2018.1536974.Von der Leyen U. State of the Union. Strasbourg. 2023. 13 September.Von der Leyen U. State of the Union. Strasbourg. 2023. 13 September.Weinberg A.M. Can technology replace social engineering? // Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 1966. Vol. 22. No. 10. P. 4–8. DOI: 10.1080/00963402.1966.11454993.Weinberg A.M. Can technology replace social engineering? // Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 1966. Vol. 22. No. 10. P. 4–8. DOI: 10.1080/00963402.1966.11454993.Whittaker M. The steep cost of capture // Interactions. 2021. Vol. 28. No. 6. P. 50–55. DOI: 10.1145/3488666.Whittaker M. The steep cost of capture // Interactions. 2021. Vol. 28. No. 6. P. 50–55. DOI: 10.1145/3488666.Wong J.C. More than 1,200 Google workers condemn firing of AI scientist Timnit Gebru. The Guardian. 2020. 4 December.Wong J.C. More than 1,200 Google workers condemn firing of AI scientist Timnit Gebru. The Guardian. 2020. 4 December.Zuboff S. The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Profile Books, 2019.Zuboff S. The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Profile Books, 2019.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.