The paper discusses evolution of the concept of risk in economics. History of probabilistic methods and approaches to risk and uncertainty analysis is considered. Expected utility theory, behavioral approaches, heuristic models and methods of neuroeconomics are analyzed. Author investigates stability of neoclassical program related to risk analysis and suggests further directions of development.

The article discusses the provisions of Buddhist economics as an alternative approach in modern economic theory. These provisions are derived from the basic doctrines of Buddhism such as the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. The article also contains a comparison of Buddhist economics and neoclassical economics, which leads to the conclusion that Buddhist economics pays more attention to the issues of limited resources, accounting for non-economic factors of economic behavior, improving the welfare of society and externalities. These factors are relevant for the modern economics and are also considered by representatives of other alternative theories.

One of the main objectives of the EAEU is the formation of a single market for goods, services, capital and labor, leading to a comprehensive modernization, cooperation and increasing the competitiveness of economies. State regulation of market conditions of entrepreneurship should find points of growth of integration processes and introduce mechanisms for their effective development. Based on the example of economic interaction between Russia and Kazakhstan, analysis showed that the processes of nominal and institutional convergence are contradictory, the formation of a single market is unreasonably slow. In the past two years, integration progress has slowed, mutual trade of economic entities in Russia and Kazakhstan has declined. The initial effect of forming a single market, connected with the removal of barriers, has already exhausted itself. The next stage of integration development should envisage the transfer to the supranational level of a number of regulatory functions for the single market designed to stimulate the economic growth and modernization of the economies of the EAEU members.

Firms that operate in the field of software (software) have their own specifics and face certain problems that are solved with the help of legal acts regulating interaction. In this regard, the article identifies the situation of the need to introduce certain norms and rules in the context of the globalization of economic markets, in which prerequisites arise for innovations in such a segment of the digital economy as the software market.

This article presents the results of an empirical study of the characteristics of limited and open access social orders in terms of North, Wallis and Weingast. The first part of the paper identifies the main features of each type of social orders and provides a comparative analysis of them based on the doorstep conditions. Also, the connection between the theories of social orders and institutions according to Acemoglu and Robinson is considered and a brief overview of research developing the ideas of North, Wallis and Weingast is given. In the second part of the publication an empirical study of social orders is carried out through cluster analysis of international indices that are used as a proxy for the characteristics of social orders. As a result, the classification of countries is performed and those that meet the doorstep conditions for the transition to open access order are identified.